Papers of Conscientious Objectors, Subject File, Swarthmore College Peace Collection

Swarthmore College Peace Collection, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19801 USA

Manuscript Collections in the Swarthmore College Peace Collection That Relate to Conscientious Objection [Not A Complete List]

Note: The collections called Document Groups (DGs) are those records of groups and papers of individuals for which the SCPC is the official depository; all other material has been collected into CDGAs [United States] or CDGBs [foreign]. The designation "absolutist" refers to those men in WWI or after who went to prison rather than join the military, cooperate with it in any way, or participate in alternative service

Papers of Conscientious Objectors

War of 1812
- Whipple, Jonathan (CDGA)

Civil War, 1865-1869
- Love, Alfred (Universal Peace Union Records (DG 038)]

World War I, 1914-1919
- Allen, Clifford (Baron Reginald Clifford Allen, Lord of Hurtwood) [was imprisoned] (Great Britain)
- Allinson, Brent Dow [was imprisoned in Fort Leavenworth from July 30, 1918 - 1921] (CDGA)
- Baldwin, Roger Nash [was imprisoned] (CDGA) [see also American Civil Liberties Union (CDGA); DG 022]
- Baxter, Archibold [was imprisoned in England] (CDGB New Zealand) [see also book We Will Not Cease]
- Bing, Harold [absolutist; was imprisoned 2.5 years] (CDGB Great Britain)
- Briehl, Fred [was imprisoned] (CDGA)

- Brockway, A. Fenner [was imprisoned] (CDGB Great Britain) [see also DG 086]

- Cameron, Holland (CDGA)

- Caplovitz, Philip (CDGA) - Catchpool, T. Corder [was imprisoned for over 2 years] (CDGB Great Britain)

- Cope, Paul Markley (CDGA) - Debs, Eugene [was imprisoned] (CDGA) - DeRosa, Ulysses [was imprisoned] (CDGA) - Doty, William Nye [was imprisoned] (CDGA) [see also DG 131]

- Dutch, George F. [was imprisoned for 3 years] (CDGB Great Britain) - Eichel, David [absolutist; was imprisoned] (DG 131)

- Eichel, Julius [absolutist; was imprisoned; also imprisoned in WWII for a brief period ] (DG 131)

- Guilbeaux, Henri (CDGB France)

- Gray, Harold Studley [was imprisoned] (CDGA) - Hallett Jr., George H. [see Elliston P. Morris (CDGA)]

- Hobhouse, Stephen [was imprisoned] (CDGB Great Britain)

- Hoffman, Wray [diary available] (CDGA) - Holland, Cameron (CDGA) - Hudson, James H., M.P. [was imprisoned] (CDGB Great Britain) - Kantor, William M. [was imprisoned] (CDGA) - Lunde, Erling H. [was imprisoned] (CDGA) [see also DG 131] - Marcowitz, Lazarus Baer (CDGA)

- Mitchell, Isaac (CDGA) - Morel, E.D. [was imprisoned] (CDGB Great Britain) [see also DG 057] - Morris, Elliston P. (CDGA) - Over, Benjamin J. [was imprisoned] (CDGB Great Britain)

- Porchet, Robert [was imprisoned] (CDGB France) [see also DG 117, Series E, box 8]
- Richards, Edward C.M. (CDGA)
- Rodolf, Charles C. (CDGA)
- Salmon, Benjamin (CDGA)
- Sandin, Max (CDGA)
- Sidis, William James [was imprisoned] [see DG 131]
- Thomas, Evan [was imprisoned; brother of Norman Thomas] (CDGA)
- Thomas, Norman (CDGA)
- Turner, Sydney & Guy (CDGB Great Britain)
- Vrana, Rudolph J. [WWI C.O.; was court-martialed] (CDGA)
- Waltner, Edward J.B. (CDGA)
- Wellock, Wilfred, M.P. [was imprisoned 2.5 years] (CDGB Great Britain)
- Whitaker, Robert (CDGA) [see also DG 122]
- Wulff, Monroe (CDGA)
See also over 800 digitized letters, diaries and documents from/about/to WWI American and British C.O.s at https://cosandgreatwar.swarthmore.edu/

World War II, 1939-1945
- Andresen, Bent [absolutist] (CDGA) [see also DG 056]
- Andrews, Bennett & Florence (DG 209)
- Anthony, Robert (CDGA)
- Ayres, Lew (CDGA)
- Barton, Harold (CDGA)

- Baxter, Archibold [imprisoned in England] (CDGB New Zealand) [see also book collection for We Will Not Cease]

- Berkowitz, Arthur (CDGA) - Billings, Arthur Goodwyn (CDGA)

- Binford, Raymond & Helen [director of CPS camps 19 & 108] (CDGA)

- Bishop, Corbett [absolutist; walked out of CPS; was imprisoned] (CDGA) [see also Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA); DG 131] - Bofman, Albert [absolutist] (CDGA) - Brandt, Wilmer (CDGA)

- Bristol, James E. [absolutist] (CDGA) - Brock, Peter [absolutist in Great Britain] (CDGB Canada)

- Brooks, Arle [absolutist] (CDGA)

- Brooks, Robert Boland [absolutist] (CDGA) - Catlett, Richard R. (CDGA) - Collura, John (CDGA) - Cooper, Samuel [ see DG 056; includes correspondence from other C.O.s to Cooper]

- Cutler, Frederick [absolutist; was imprisoned] [see Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA)] - Darnell, Emerson L. [see DG 056] - Dellinger, David [see Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA)]

- Dietrich, Albert (CDGA [Albert & Frank Dietrich]) - DiGia, Ralph [absolutist; was imprisoned] [see Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA)] - Dingman, Daniel Birmeli (CDGA) - Doss, Desmond [noncombatant (army medic)] (CDGA) [see also Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 2000-2003 ( restrospective documentary done on his life)]

- Eichel, Albert [absolutist; was imprisoned] (DG 131) [see also DG 010; DG 022; Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA)]; & drawing by Whitey Matysik in Oversize Items Collection: Graphics)

- Eichel, Julius [absolutist; was imprisoned (for a short period); also imprisoned in WWI] (DG 131)
- Emery Jr., Arthur [WWII C.O.] (CDGA) [see also DG 061, box 18; some usage restrictions]
- Estep, William Murray (CDGA)
- Everson, William (CDGA)
- Falbo, Nick (CDGA)
- Felmet, Joseph [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Finch, Henry Leroy Finch Jr. (Henry Finch) (DG 195)
- Fuson, Nelson [see DG 056; see also Nelson Fuson papers in Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College]

- Fuson, William M. [see DG 056]

- Gara, Larry [absolutist] (CDGA; see also DG 131; DG 135; Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA); & drawing by Whitey Matysik in Oversize Items Collection: Graphics [graphic #0091])

- Garst, Merritt E. [absolutist; was imprisoned] [see DG 043, Series D: media coverage of WILPF, 1941]

- Gesner, Norman B. [absolutist; was imprisoned] [see Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA)]

- Giese, Willis E. [absolutist] (CDGA)

- Griffin, Norman J. [see DG 043, Series D: media coverage of WILPF, 1941] - Hain, Andrew [see DG 043, Series B,5, box 53] - Hassler, Alfred (CDGA) [see also DG 013] - Horowitz, Nathan [absolutist; was imprisoned] (CDGA) [see also Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA)] - Jägerstätter, Franz [absolutist; imprisoned in Berlin from March-Aug. 1943; executed on 08/09/1943] (CDGB Austria)

- Katz, Sander [absolutist; was imprisoned] (CDGA)

- Kauten, Mathias [absolutist] (CDGA) - Kepler, Roy C. (DG 185) [see also DG 040]

- Kuenning, Bill [absolutist; was imprisoned] [see Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA)] - Lewis, Frederic Martin (CDGA)

- Man Jr. Albon P. [absolutist; was imprisoned] (CDGA) - Martine, Vincent David [proclaimed himself a C.O., but draft board released him from Selective Service to be an ambulance driver with the American Field Service, 1942- ] (CDGA) - Mecartney, John M. [absolutist; was imprisoned] [see Albon P. Man Jr. (CDGA)] - Miles, Ward (CDGA)

- Moray, Joseph (CDGA) - Morris, Elliston P. [absolutist; was imprisoned] (CDGA)

- Murphy Jr., Duncan Bassett [proclaimed himself a C.O., but draft board released him from Selective Service to be an ambulance driver with the American Field Service] (DG 266) - Murphy, Stanley [absolutist; was imprisoned] (CDGA) [see also DG 010; DG 022] - Nelson, Ralph (CDGA)

- Nelson, Wallace Floyd [absolutist] (CDGA) - Newman, Morton [see DG 043, Series D: media coverage of WILPF, 1941 & Series B,5, box 53 ] - Nichols, Malcolm (CDGA)

- Norton, Edgar R. (CDGA)

- Osborne, Joseph C. [smokejumper] (CDGA)

- Ovenson, Barney [absolutist (?)] (CDGA) - Pacman, Mario Joseph (CDGA)

- Peck, James [absolutist; was imprisoned] (CDGA) - Richards, William & Arnold [absolutists] (CDGA)

- Richardson, Channing B. (CDGA) [see also DG 056] - Roodenko, Igal [absolutist] (DG 161) - Rustin, Bayard [absolutist] (CDGA) [see also drawing by Whitey Matysik in Oversize Items Collection: Graphics [graphic #0102]

- Satterthwait, Arnold [see DG 043, Series B,5, box 53; see also DG 022] - Satterthwait Jr., Charles (CDGA) - Schear, Rev. Lloyd [see DG 043, Series B,5, box 53, box 53] - Schumacher, Charles (CDGA)

- Seltzer, Chester E. [absolutist; was imprisoned] [see Albon P. Man Jr.(CDGA)] - Shapiro, Norbert (CDGA) - Smith, Charles David [participated in a CPS guinea pig experiment] (CDGA) - Smith, Louis Dabney [see William Murray Estep (CDGA)] - Stoffregen, David [see DG 056] - Stone, Oliver Ellis [absolutist; was imprisoned] [see DG 043, Series D: media coverage of WILPF, 1941]

- Summers, Clyde Wilson [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Taylor, Louis [walked out of CPS; was imprisoned] (CDGA) [see also DG 010; DG 022]
- Trainin, Isaac [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Walker, Charles [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Weber, Henry P. [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Weightman, Melvin Atwood [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Whitney, Norman G. (DG 061 [some usage restrictions]
- Wieck, David Thoreau [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Wilder, Marshall [see DG 043, Series B,5, box 52]
- Wilhelm, Paul & Jayne Tuttle Wilhelm [was in CPS camps 3, 49 & 52] (CDGA)
- Williams, Waldo (Great Britain)
- Willoughby, George (DG 236) [see also DG 017; DG 062; DG 064; DG 072; DG 073; DG 093]
- Zahn, Gordon C. (CDGA)

Universal Military Training, 1950s / Korean War, 1950-1953
- Bollens, Jack (CDGA)
- Crabill, Jack A. [1957 re: ROTC training] [see Kenneth George Hanauer (CDGA)]
- Eichel, Seymour [absolutist; was imprisoned in 1957; son of Julius Eichel] (DG 131) [see also Subject File: Conscientious Objection / Objectors]

- Emerson, David [1954] [see John Beer (CDGA, box 1)] - Hanauer, Kenneth George [1957 re: ROTC training] (CDGA) - Horst, Peter Scott [1957] (CDGA) - Murray, Don [1957] (CDGA) - Palmer, T. Vail [1950 absolutist] (CDGA)

Vietnam War, 1964-1975
- Blood, Peter [absolutist] (CDGA) [see also Young Friends of North America: Committee on Conscription (DG 085)]
- Bowen, John Mark [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Braxton, John Worth [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Conklin, Geoffrey R. (CDGA)
- Cooper, Dan [see Elliston P. Morris Collected Papers (CDGA)]
- Del Bourgo, David (CDGA)
- Eaton, Robert [absolutist; was imprisoned] (CDGA)
- Fargas, Antonio John (CDGA)
- Farren, Patrick [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Farber, Michael (CDGA)
- Fishman, Stanley I. [absolutist; was imprisoned) (CDGA)
- Glasgow, Miles G. (CDGA)
- Goddard, Ross (CDGA)
- Hostetter, C. Douglas (DG 260)
- Jakobson, Arno Sascha (CDGA)
- Keith, Jeff [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Keyes, Gene (CDGA)
- Lauser, Wayne (CDGA)
- Mitchell, David [1960s C.O.] (CDGA)
- Moore, Fred [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Morrison, David (CDGA)
- Mott, Jeremy H. (CDGA)
- Richardson, Channing B. (CDGA) [see also Civilian Public Service Personal Papers and Collected Materials (DG 056)]
- Rodd, Thomas [absolutist] (CDGA)
- Seeger, Daniel [absolutist] (CDGA) [see also Student Peace Union Records (DG 065)
- Square-Briggs, Randy (CDGA)
- Vlasits, George (North Carolina Student Committee Against the War (CDGA)
- Whitehorn, Erik (CDGA)
- Young, Ron (CDGA) [see also Fellowship of Reconciliation Records (DG 013)]
For more names, see the Subject File: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1960-1979 [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/SubjectFile/subjfilecos.htm]

Draft, 1980-1981

Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991
- Larsen, Erik (CDGA) see also Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 2000-2003]

War on Iraq, 2003-2011 and Afghanistan, 2003-current
- Benderman, Kevin [former G.I.] (CDGA) [see also Kevin Benderman Defense Committee (CDGA)]
- Travis, Clark [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Coil, Tim [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Combs, Justin [applied for C.O. status, March 2003] (CDGA)
- Craig, Glenn [former G.I.] ((Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Delgado, Aidan [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Funk, Stephen Eagle [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Hinzman, Jeremy [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Klimkewicz, David [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Kontaxes, Benjamin [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Mejia, Camilo [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
- Paredas, Pablo [former G.I.] (Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current)
For more names, see Subject File #1: Conscientious Objection/Objectors -- U.S. Sources, 1980-current [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/SubjectFile/subjfilecos.htm]

Records of Organizations/Groups
- Absolutist War Objectors Association [WWII] (CDGA) - Advisory Committee on Conscientious Objection [1951-current] (CDGB Australia) - Alliance for Conscientious Objectors [1970-1974] (DG 088) - American Civil Liberties Union: National Committee on Conscientious Objectors [WWII] (DG 022) - American Friends Service Commitee (CDGA) - American Friends Service Committee [records re: CPS, 1940-1947] (DG 002) - Anti-Conscription Campaign Committee [WWI] (CDGB Australia) - Anti-Conscription League of Australia [WWI] (CDGB Australia) - Association of Catholic Conscientious Objectors [1940-1946] (CDGA) - Big Flats Defense Committee [WWII] (CDGA) - CCCO / An Agency for Military and Draft Counseling [1948-2010] (DG 073; formerly Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors) - Celebration of Conscience [1990] (CDGA) - Center on Conscience and War [1940-current] (DG 025; formerly NSBRO and NISBCO] - Chicago Coalition Against Registration and the Draft [1980] (CDGA) - Civilian Public Service Union [1944-1946] (DG 008) - Collegiate Anti-Militarism League (WWI) (CDGA) - Committee for Amnesty for All Objectors to War and Conscription [WWII] (CDGA) - Committee for the Universal Recognition of Conscientious Objection to Military Service [1947] (CDGA) - Committee of 100 Friends of Conscientious Objectors [WWI] (CDGA) - Committee of Families and Friends of Imprisoned Conscientious Objectors [WWII] (CDGA) - Committee on Drafting Youth [1942] (CDGA) - Committee on Educational Aid for Conscientious Objectors [WWII] (CDGA) - Committee to End Slave Labor in America [WWII; re: CPS] (CDGA) - Communication Group on Conscription and Amnesty [1969] (CDGA) - Council of Christian Pacifist Groups [1936-1941] (CDGB Great Britain) - Delaware Draft Counseling and Education Service, Inc. [1980-?] (CDGA) - Draft Counseling Service [1980-1983] (CDGA) - Draft Information and Counseling Association of New Jersey [1972] (CDGA) - Episcopal Peace Fellowship [1939-current] (DG 118) - Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America: Committee on the Conscientious Objector [1941-1946] (DG 048) - Fellowship of Conscientious Objectors [WWII] (CDGB Great Britain] - Fellowship of Reconciliation [1915-current] (DG 013) - Finger Lakes Military Counseling and Information Center [198_] (CDGA) - Friends Committee on National Legislation [1940-current] (DG 047) - Friends Service Committee [WWI] (CDGB Great Britain) - Glendora Strikers Defense Committee [1946-1947; re: workers' strike at Glendora CPS Camp] (CDGA) - Ligue Internationale des Combattants de la Paix [1937] (CDGB France) - Mennonite Central Committee Peace Section: European Committee [for information re: German C.O.s etc., 1950s-1960s] (CDGA) - Metropolitan Board for Conscientious Objectors [1940-1970] (DG 060) - Michigan Council for Conscientious Objectors [WWII] (CDGA) - Midwest Committee for Military Counseling [1977-1995] (DG 187) - Montreal Council to Aid War Resisters [Vietnam War] (CDGB Canada) - National Council Against Conscription [WWI] (CDGB Great Britain) - National Council Against Conscription [1944-1960] (DG 052) - National Council for Civil Liberties [WWI] (CDGB Great Britain) - New York Bureau of Legal Advice [WWI] (CDGA) - New York State Board for Civilian Public Service [WWII] (CDGA) - No Conscription Council [WWII] (CDGB Great Britain) - No Conscription Fellowship [WWI] (CDGB Great Britain) - Northern California Service Board for Conscientious Objectors [WWII] (CDGA) - Pacific Counseling Service [1969-1972] (CDGA) - Pacifist Group at Cornell University [WWII] (CDGA) - Palo Alto Committee Against Conscription [WWII] (CDGA) - Pax Christi [1950-current] (CDGB Germany) - Pax Christi [1970-current] (CDGB Great Britain) - Peace Associates, Inc. [WWII] (CDGB) - Peacemakers [WWII] (CDGA) - Philadelphia Committee for Amnesty for All Objectors to War (CDGA) - Philadelphia Council for Conscientious Objectors [1943-1952] (CDGA) - Quaker House, Fayetteville [2005-current] (CDGA) - Refuser Solidarity Network [2003?- ] (CDGA) - Resist Conscription Committee [1948] (CDGA) - Resistance, The [1967-1968] (CDGA) - Schweizerischer Friedensrat: Zivildienstkommission [WWII] (CDGB Switzerland) - Strickland Press (CDGB Great Britain) - Swarthmore College Draft Resisters Union [Vietnam War, 1967] (CDGA) - Syracuse Peace Council [WWII] (CDGA) - Tolstoy Peace Group [WWII] (CDGA) - United Pacifist Committee [1938-1947] (CDGA) - Untide Press [WWII; begun at CPS camp in Waldport, Oregon] (CDGA) - Vredeskring van Nederland [WWI] (CDGB Netherlands) - War Resisters International [1921-1974] (DG 039) - West Coast Counseling Service [1970s] (CDGA) - Women's Committee to Oppose Conscription [1942-1948] (DG 068) - Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [1934-1969] (DG 043; includes C.O. Committee, 1934-1948 [Series A,4]; correspondence with C.O. George Carpenter, 1969 [Series A,6 -- Issues files]; Legislative Office, 1947 [Series A,6: correspondence]; Pennsylvania Branch [Series B,5: correspondence]; General Correspondence [Series C]) - Young Democracy (CDGA) - Young Friends of North America: Committee on Conscription [1968-1971] (DG 083)

Other - See Also
- Tripod (electronic catalog): subject searches (1/ conscientious objection; 2/ conscientious objectors; 3/ civilian public service) - SCPC Resources on Conscientious Objection/Objectors - Civilian Public Service Personal Papers and Collected Material (DG 056) - Papers of Herman Alderstein for his manuscript on conscientious objection (CDGA) - Papers of William Charles Allen (CDGA) - Papers of Norman Angell [WWI] (CDGB Great Britain) - Papers of James Barr [WWI] (CDGB Great Britain) - Papers of the Duke of Bedford [1943] (CDGB Great Britain) - Papers of Peter Brock re: British C.O.s in WWI (CDGB Canada) [see also Book Collection] - Papers of Julien Cornell [WWII] (DG 010) - Papers of the Eichel Family (DG 131) - Papers of Charles Edward Gregory [a C.O. in WWI who was never prosecuted] (CDGB Great Britain) - Papers of Allan M. Laing [WWI] (CDGB Great Britain) - Papers of Dwight S. Large and Frances K. Large [1969-1975] (CDGA) - Papers of Frieda Langer Lazarus [1940s-1970s] (CDGA) - Papers of Alice Niles Lynd and Staughton Lynd [1965-1971] (DG 099) - Records of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa, Christian Citizenship Department (CDGB South Africa) - Papers of Elliston P. Morris [1918, 1942, 1948, 1951, 1956, 1968] (CDGA) - Papers of Haridas T. Muzumdar [1943] (CDGA) - Papers of T. Rasku [WWII] (CDGB Finland) - Papers of Dr. Alfred Salter, M.P. [1940] (CDGB Great Britain) - Papers of George Bernard Shaw (CDGB Great Britain) - Papers of Edward and Margaret Thomas [WWII] (CDGA) - Records of the University of Witwatersrand, Centre for Continuing Education, Johannesburg [1978] (CDGB South Africa) - Papers of Alexander Wilson [WWI] (CDGB Great Britain) - Papers of E. Raymond Wilson (DG 070) - Records of the Evangelische Schule am Karlsplatz, Vienna [1954-1961: school rebuilt by Brethren and Mennonite PAX service workers] (CDGB Austria) - Papers of Warren G. Hoover (CDGA) - Misc. material re: French C.O.s (France: Misc. Peace Material)
- Photographs of C.O.s from the following collections:: - Devere Allen (DG 053)
- American Friends Service Committee (DG 002)
- Bent Anderson (CDGA)
- Raymond & Helen Binford (CDGA)
- Philip Caplovitz (CDGA)
- Church of the Brethren (CDGA)
- William Kantor (CDGA)
- New York Bureau of Legal Advice (CDGA)
- Subject File: Conscientious Objection/Objectors
- Photograph of Hermann Stöhr, executed by the Germans in 1940 (see DG 107: Trocmé)

- Drawings of C.O.s who were imprisoned along with artist "Whitey" Matysik [WWII; includes cartoon portraits of Barney Abosh, Bob Brooks, Harvey Corcoran, George Clemence, Al Eichel, Stan Fishman,Larry Gara, Norman Gesner, Nat Horwitz, Alex Lang, Lester Lermond, Rodney Owen, Bayard Rustin, Irving Schwartz, Merle Stafford, Bill Sutherland, Larry Templin] (Oversized Items Collection: Graphics)

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This page created by Anne Yoder, Archivist, November 1998; last updated September 29, 2021